Highlights of the 2013 Report
Since its inception, Social Security has been the foundation on which America’s retirement security rests. It has demonstrated its strength by paying benefits without interruption in good times and bad, during periods of recession and disaster, and during recovery and healing. The program’s strength is demonstrated yet again in this year’s Trustees Report, which reflects the resilience of the Trust Funds. The report is good news for working Americans and for seniors.
Here are some of the highlights:
- Social Security remains strong, and will be able to pay full benefits for decades to come – until 2033, as was true last year. Thereafter, there will still be enough revenue coming into the program to pay 77 percent of all benefits owed.
- Social Security remains well-funded. With the economy showing signs of recovery, the Trustees estimate that, in 2013, Social Security’s total income will exceed its expenses by over $28 billion. In fact, the Trustees estimate that total annual income is expected to exceed program obligations through 2020.
- The Trustees report there is now nearly $2.73 trillion in the Social Security Trust Fund, which is $54 billion more than last year, and that it will continue to grow by payroll contributions and interest on the Trust Fund’s assets.
Background
The Social Security Act established a Board of Trustees to oversee the Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance Trust Funds (OASDI), popularly known as the Social Security Trust Funds. Each year the Trustees issue a report on the financial status of the Trust Funds. The report is a snapshot of the projected health of the funds over the upcoming 75 years. The 2013 report is the 73rd report that has been prepared by the Trustees since the beginning of the program. With the help of the Social Security Administration actuaries, the Trustees estimate the income and expenditures of the Funds, taking into account projections of both demographic and economic factors.
The Social Security Trust Funds are considered to be in long-range balance when the income to the Funds exceeds expenditures over 75 years. When income does not meet expenditures in the long run, there is a shortfall, or deficit. Income, expenditures and balances are expressed in both dollars and as a “percent of payroll,” meaning the percent of all wages and self-employment income subject to taxation that is projected to be earned by Americans over the 75-year valuation period. The 2013 report finds that the combined OASDI Trust Fund has an actuarial deficit equal to 2.72 percent of payroll, up slightly from 2.67 percent projected last year. This year’s increase is explained by the change in the valuation period. As a result of this change, the Trustees drop 2012, a year with a net surplus, and replace it with 2087, a year with no surplus.
As the actuarial deficit shows, the Social Security program’s financial health needs to be strengthened. Despite the crisis myths perpetuated by some, including many in the media, the National Committee believes that Congress can improve the long-term outlook for Social Security with modest and manageable changes in revenue without enacting harmful cuts for current or future retirees. Recent polling has shown that Americans of all political persuasions value Social Security, want to improve benefits, and are willing to pay higher taxes to preserve the program. An example of a broadly-supported change is to lift the payroll tax cap.
Sources of Funding for Social Security
Social Security is financed mainly through payroll taxes on wages and self-employment income. Employees and employers each make contributions equal to 6.2 percent of wages, up to a wage cap of $113,700 in 2013 that increases with the growth in the nationwide average wage. The wage cap was originally set at an amount that would tax about 90 percent of all wage income in the United States. However, wages at the high end of the income scale have risen faster than average paychecks in recent years, so today the cap only covers about 83 percent of wages.
The self-employed contribute the equivalent of the combined employer and employee tax rates, which totals 12.4 percent. They are then allowed to deduct the equivalent of the employer’s share from their income taxes.
In addition to payroll tax contributions, Social Security receives a relatively small amount of revenue from income taxes on Social Security benefits paid by retirees with higher incomes. It is also credited with interest from its Treasury bond holdings.
The Social Security Trust Funds
When working Americans pay their Social Security payroll taxes to the U.S. Treasury, those taxes are credited to the Social Security Trust Funds. These funds are used to pay Social Security benefits. If income to the Trust Funds exceeds the amount of benefits that the program is obligated to pay, then the Social Security Trust Funds are credited with the excess income. The income is used to purchase special issue U.S. government bonds that are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States and which earn a rate of return similar to that earned by other long-term U.S. securities. These bonds are the assets of the Trust Funds. They earn interest and further increase the balance of the funds. These accumulated assets are commonly referred to as the Social Security “surplus” or “reserves.”
According to the 2013 Trustees Report, income from Social Security payroll taxes accounted for about 70 percent of Trust Fund income in 2012 while transfers from the general fund comprised 14 percent. Income taxes paid on Social Security benefits represented 3 percent, and interest on reserves made up the remaining 13 percent. The transfers from the general fund represent reimbursement to the Trust Funds for the 2012 temporary payroll tax cut. Payroll taxes have now returned to 6.2 percent of wages for employers and employees and 12.4 percent for the self-employed.
At the end of 2012, nearly 57 million people were receiving benefits: 40 million retired workers and their dependents, 6 million survivors of deceased workers, and 11 million disabled workers and their dependents. 161 million workers had earnings covered by Social Security and paid payroll taxes.
Social Security’s Long-Range Outlook
The Trustees project that the Social Security Trust Funds will be able to pay full benefits until the year 2033. Thereafter, Social Security will have sufficient annual revenue to pay about 77 percent of benefits. Last year’s Trustees Report also predicted that Social Security would be able to pay full benefits until 2033 and pay 75 percent of benefits thereafter.
The projected actuarial deficit of the Social Security program, measured as a percent of taxable payroll over the 75-year projection period, is 2.72 percent of taxable payroll, compared with last year’s estimate of 2.67 percent.
Social Security Relative to Gross Domestic Product
Another important way to look at Social Security’s future is to view its annual cost and tax income as a share of U.S. economic output, or gross domestic product (GDP). Social Security’s cost as a percentage of GDP is projected by the Trustees to rise from the current level of 5.0 percent to about 6.2 percent in 2035, and then decline to 6.0 percent of GDP by 2050 and remain between 6.0 and 6.2 percent through 2087.
Seen from this perspective, the projected growth of Social Security is relatively flat and can be managed through modest changes to the program.
The Importance of the Trust Funds
The Trust Funds, and the interest earned by the assets they hold, form a vitally important element of Social Security’s financing. Although it is fashionable for some to dismiss the importance of the Social Security Trust Funds and to discount the income produced by their assets, the Trust Funds are an essential element of the program’s funding. And it is important to emphasize that the Trust Funds did not accumulate the huge sums they now hold by accident.
Throughout most of the history of the program, the Trust Funds played only a limited role in the funding of the program. That is because for many years the balances they held were relatively small and were used only as a contingency reserve to tide the program over in years when revenue temporarily fell below the level needed to pay benefits.
The Social Security Act of 1983 expanded this role. At that time Congress made the decision, in essence, to pre-fund the retirement of baby boomers by accumulating a very substantial balance in the Trust Funds. As the present balance of over $2.7 trillion testifies, Congress was successful in that regard.
Some question whether this plan will work. There are economists who argue that the balances in the Trust Funds, and the interest they earn, are not economically meaningful. Others question how the bonds would be redeemed when the money is needed to pay benefits. Still others argue that the program has to be cut to make sure that the Trust Funds’ assets never have to be drawn down.
We believe the important point to remember about the Trust Funds is that they hold bonds that were purchased with money that was paid into the program by millions of Americans. Those who made these contributions are well aware of the amounts that were deducted from their paychecks, and they expect the U.S. government will redeem these bonds just like any other debt obligation it has.
And they have the law on their side in that regard. Section 201(d) of the Social Security Act says that “Each obligation issued for purchase by the Trust Funds shall be evidenced by a bond, note, or certificate of indebtedness setting forth the principal amount, date of maturity, and interest rate of the obligation and stating on its face that the obligation shall be supported by the full faith and credit of the United States, and that the United States is pledged to the payment of the obligation with respect to both principal and interest.”
Clearly, it is important that action be taken to strengthen the financial soundness of the Social Security program so that it remains available to all Americans, both now and in the future. There are many different options for strengthening this vital program, and developing a consensus remains a challenge that must be met by the nation’s leaders. Because of the decision made in 1983 to build up a significant balance in the Trust Funds, we have time to develop that consensus. We do not need to try to fix the long-term funding gap while the economy recovers, and we do not need to mix reforming Social Security with balancing the budget.
The Disability Insurance Trust Fund
The Disability Insurance Trust Fund represents a special case. The Trustees project that the Disability Trust Fund will be depleted in 2016, the same year projected in last year’s report. After 2016, 80 percent of scheduled benefits will be payable. Disability expenditures have increased primarily due to demographic trends – as baby boomers age into the disability-prone years (they turn ages 49 to 67 in 2013), more people become disabled and thus receive benefits. The increase in full retirement age from 65 to 66 has also contributed to the increase in disability expenditures, as people remain on the disability rolls longer before shifting to retirement.
Congress has reallocated income across the Social Security Trust Funds 11 times – from the Old- Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund to the Disability Insurance Trust Fund and vice versa. When Congress took action in 1994 to address a then-reported shortfall in the Disability Insurance Trust Fund, it knew that it would have to take action again in 2015 or 2016. In fact, like this year’s report, the Social Security Trustees Report for 1995 projected that the Disability Insurance Trust Fund would be depleted in 2016. A reallocation of part of the 6.2 percent Social Security tax rate from the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund to the Disability Trust fund would ensure that both funds can pay full benefits until 2033, after which about 77 percent of scheduled benefits would be covered.
National Committee’s Concerns
The Trustees report projects a cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) of between 1.5 to 2.5 percent for next year. The National Committee is not convinced that this estimate accurately reflects the inflation affecting today’s seniors and believes that Social Security’s COLA needs to be strengthened.
Under current law, a Social Security beneficiary receives an increase in his or her Social Security check each year based on the previous year’s increase in the cost of living. This COLA is intended to offset the individual’s additional expenses resulting from inflation. The Social Security COLA is measured based on the increase in the cost of a market basket of goods and services from the third quarter of one year to the third quarter of the next year. The size of the COLA is announced by the Social Security Administration, usually in October, and beneficiaries see the change in their January Social Security payment.
Seniors spend a significant portion of their income on out-of-pocket health care expenses not covered by Medicare. As time goes by, more and more of their Social Security benefit checks will be eaten up by rising health care costs. According to the Medicare Trustees, 40 percent of the average senior’s Social Security check will be consumed by Medicare out-of-pocket costs by 2087, compared with 23 percent today.
Seniors cannot afford to lose their Social Security COLA. Additionally, they cannot afford to have their COLA calculated using an index that does not accurately gauge the spending patterns that are unique to them. That is why the National Committee supports legislation that would base the Social Security COLA on a consumer price index for the elderly, or CPI-E, that better reflects the purchasing patterns of seniors. This kind of specialized index should be used to make sure that seniors’ buying power does not erode over time.
Our nation needs Social Security more than ever. Recent economic conditions have had a devastating effect on the retirement savings of millions of Americans. Retirement savings accounts and housing values declined during the downturn and have not yet returned to pre-recession levels because hardship withdrawals were made from those accounts when workers lost their jobs or when they lost their homes to foreclosure. When we face economic hard times, Social Security functions exactly as intended. That is because the program was created to provide Americans with a foundation of security they can count on when other forms of economic security fail. Social Security smooths the risks of these economic cycles over large groups of people and over long periods of time. It remains the most secure retirement program in America.
The challenge for our generation is to ensure that Social Security is preserved, protected, and strengthened so it continues to be the nation’s premier retirement benefit.
Government Relations and Policy, June 2013